– This study presents a case of institutional pluralism where a positive force in one direction (regulatory) is sometimes opposed by other forces (cognitive and normative) limiting meaningful change. This opens the door to uncovering whether documentable changes in regulations, cognitions, values, and norms regarding women in business leadership, will lead to observable changes in the size of FLD. – A promise of the institutional approach is enhancing the capacity to make meaningful comparisons between societies. Rather, patriarchal structures, explicit favoring of males over females, and assignment of women to nurturing roles within the private sphere of the family are the major limiting factors impeding women’s ascension to leadership. Organizational structures are not highly salient as the most important factors affecting women’s leadership. – Misalignments among cognitive, normative, and regulative pillars inhibit real change. The qualitative analysis provides an understanding at the societal level of analysis which is only partially tempered through organizational structures. – The authors analyze interview data to identify themes linking women’s leadership with societal institutional forces. The purpose of this paper is to assess how such forces work to create a case of female leadership deficit (FLD) in Lebanon. – This paper takes an institutional approach to identify cognitive, normative, and regulatory factors affecting women’s business leadership in an under-studied traditional society.
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